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Crucible Essay Essays - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible

Crucible Essay Essays - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible Crucible Essay The Crucible Essay The story The Crucible takes place during the times of the Salem witch trials in Massachusetts. This was a time of much hypocrisy in the people of the town of Salem. Many people believed anything they heard or saw. Although The Crucible is fictitious, the story depicts the historical information of the Salem witch trials, and blends them with fictitious characters with minds of their own to create a very realistic plot and conflict in this story. This story has a few themes that are shown through the actions and the thoughts of the characters. One theme that I felt had an impact on the outcome of the story is Fear and suspicion can produce hysteria which results in the destruction and breakdown of the people. The thesis of the story is shown by peoples actions people can become suspicious of one thing and this leads to an uprising in the town and the people. The story begins with the dancing of the girls in the forest. When the girls are seen they become scared and run off. This is what leads to the uprising in the town. The Puritans are viewed as being very religious they believe in God and everything he did for them. They believe in an unconditional election in which God has no obligation to save anyone, no matter how little the problem is. The Puritans use this during the witch trials in which they hanged many people that were innocent of witchcraft. These hangings happened because everyone believed everything the girls said and showed. People in the crowd seemed awe struck by the girls and their ability to view people as witches or not. These hangings produced hysteria in the townspeople. In the story because of the dancing of the girls the priests of the town, Hale and Parris believed that the girls called the devil upon their town. Many people are accused of witch craft because of the girls. Puritans also believe in The Supremacy of Divine Will in which god is absolute. When the girls supposedly brought Satan upon their town the people got frightened and the only way to get rid of the demons in the town is through several hangings. The girls was the link between the people they could see Satan and the people that followed his work. Through the stories the girls lied about what they saw this should not have happened. The girls took their fear out on the people of the town and they did not even realize it. The thesis of this story has a large impact on the people and the conflict of the story. The other side of my thesis would have explained that if nobody in the town got suspicious or involved in the witch trials there would not have been hysteria in the people. If this was true there may have been many lives saved including John Proctor and Rebecca Nurse. The other side of the thesis was not used because the opposite of the thesis does not explain the way the outcome of the story was. If nobody got involved in the trials the conflict/outcome would have been different. In conclusion peoples actions and suspicions of one thing can lead to and uprising in the town. Throughout the story the people turned to the girls to rely on who was a witch. The girls were led by Abigail she stunned everyone with her attitude and her ability to see the Devil. Because of what the girls said there was a disturbance in the town. The Crucible is a great example of fictional/history. It also shows that you can not always believe what you hear because it may not be true.

China's economic discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

China's economic discussion - Assignment Example It has taken many decades for Chinese companies to compete on a national and global stage, but an increasingly educated workforce has helped to contribute to this. Before, the working Chinese population was not highly educated and thus could not perform technology intensive jobs. Another thing that MNCs will have to watch out for is labor shortages. Because of China’s one-child policy in the 1970’s and 80’s, there will be fewer young workers available for jobs in the future. In addition to this, labor costs will rise as the standard of living increases in China. As Chinese workers are becoming more skilled, they will demand pay that appropriately matches their skills. Finally, MNCs will need to change their focus to countryside Chinese cities, which are expected to experience huge growth in the not too distant future. Many MNCs are based in major cities in the eastern part of China, but this area has already experienced major

How Does Gender Bias Negatively Impact the Role of Men in Nursing Essay

How Does Gender Bias Negatively Impact the Role of Men in Nursing - Essay Example Gender bias negatively impacts the role of men in nursing by: Not all male nurses believe gender bias has had a negative impact on their career. But, fewer than 6% of the Registered Nurses in the United States today are men (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Considering approximately 49% of the population is male, the 6% figure indicates that bias may be impacting the entry and retention of men in the nursing field. Furthermore, Wilson (2005) in a study of Australian nursing students, found that in a three-year period, the average attrition rate for males in a university-based nursing program was 55.5% but only 45% for females. This, too, raises concerns about what is keeping men from entering or staying in the nursing field. One answer is gender bias. Gender bias, most succinctly defined by the higher education company McGraw-Hill, is "Behavior that results from the underlying belief in sex role stereotypes." (McGraw-Hill Education Company). Entire dissertations have been written defining sex role stereotypes. ... eotypes ("conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conceptions, opinions, or images") ("Stereotypes") based on the roles ("characteristic and expected social behaviors of an individual") ("Roles") based on sex/gender, traditionally male or female. Vogel, Wester, Heesacker, & Madon's (2003) finding that women and men act in accordance with social roles which are often segregated along gender lines helps summarize how sex role stereotypes are perpetuated. They continue, "Popular culture has embraced the idea that women and men are different. Self-help books, talk shows, and magazine articles routinely acknowledge large gender differences" With popular culture stressing distinct differences and roles for men and women, it is understandable that a career traditionally considered female would not be considered attractive to some men. To assess biases and the status of Men in Nursing in 2005, the research firm of Bernard Hodes Group performed an on-line survey, open to male nurses and nursing students, from October until December 2004 and received almost 500 responses (N=498) (Bernard Hodes Group, 2005). Of note were the men's responses to the question regarding their perceptions about nursing before entering the field. The top four responses, with percentages responding, to what they had as perceptions of men and nursing: Traditionally female dominated field (85%) Other professions perceived "more appropriate" (62%) Nursing salaries are not competitive with other careers (33%) Nursing is not an autonomous, decision-making profession (27%) The next most popular response, "Nursing doesn't provide much upward mobility" garnered only 16% of responses. It is evident that the perception - or stereotype - of a subservient female is still in place. The media does not

America Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

America Today - Essay Example Just as before the first round of financial depression, America had just elected a charismatic leader to the White House who promised to fix the problems left by his predecessor. However, he failed to do so and the American people were left to pay the price . I find it quite disturbing that America seems to have a pattern of allowing history to repeat itself. As one will recall from our lessons in this class, America was enjoying one of its longest and largest economic growth spurts before the depression came along. This is a typical scenario that was again played out before the 21st century era of American depression, only this time, both the stock market and banking system collapsed. With more than 15 million Americans out of work, the government chose to pull the country out of the depression era by introducing European style social and economic reforms The New Deal allowed the government to have a more direct hand in the social and economic business of the American people. By adopting a policy of moderate currency inflation the federal government managed to jumpstart the economy and offer relief to some debtors by creating credit facilities that dealt with industry and agriculture. Banks were severely monitored and controlled so that they would not make the mistake of increasing their already existing bad loans. While The New Deal ushered in a new era of social, political, and economic stability for the government, the events happening overseas in Europe and Asia were slowly beginning to rear its ugly head in relation to the existence of America as a pacifist country. The American economy was at its peak when it became directly involved in the European and Asi an wars of World War II. Although the United States of America managed to survive the economic effects of the war through the act of selling bonds, rationing, and other cost saving measures at home, the country was slowly emerging as the de-facto leader in terms of international relations. The defeat of Hitler during the European War by the Allied Forces allowed their scientists to come and work for the Americans who were still dealing with the war in the Asia Pacific at the time. Since the nuclear bombs were actually a Nazi brain child, these scientists who worked on the project simply handed over their research, results, and expertise to their new masters, who in this case, turned out to be the Americans. We helped them fine tune the weapon of mass destruction without really having a real reason to use it in the Asia Pacific war. 3 There is a historical belief that Japan was actually close to surrendering and had already lost the war by the time the U.S. forces had decided to drop the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A decision that the government made, according to historical documents, on the fact that by being the first to use a nuclear weapon, the United States will have the upper hand in the nuclear arms race and shall therefore be

Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Cymbopogon Caesius

Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Cymbopogon Caesius Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. Arn.) Stapf. of Kemmannugundi Regions of Karnataka, India Avinash K.S. and Y.L. Krishnamurthy* Abstract: Cymbopogon grass produces many bioactive compounds and used for many medicinal purposes. In this study healthy leaf, stem and root segments were cultured on media like Potato dextrose agar and Malt extract agar medium and pure cultured. Endophytic fungi were isolated from 1200 samples of Cymbopogon caesius grass collected from Kemmannugundi regions of Karnataka. Overall 56% of colonisation rate from surface sterilised tissues were recorded. About 30 different fungal species were isolated and 12 were identified and 18 were grouped as morph taxa. Less isolates were recovered from leaf segments and more isolates were recovered from root segments. Curvularia sp. and Fusarium sp. were frequently isolated endophytes with the high colonisation rate. Key Words: Endophytes, Cymbopogon caesius, Grass, Curvularia, Fusarium. 1. Introduction Endophytes are microorganisms which live inside the host without causing any negative effect by their presence. The plant and endophytic fungi show symbiotic association. Plant protects and feeds the endophyte which in return produces bioactive secondary metabolites to enhance the growth and competitiveness of the host in nature (Carrol, 1988 and Hong Lu et al., 2000). Endophytes are widely investigated for their bioactive metabolites and have proven to produce potential compounds which are applicable in medicine (Clovis and Ewald, 2012). The compounds usually isolated from medicinal plants may not be plant metabolites they may be from fungal endophytes which reside in the host plant. Endophytes of tropical plants are among the groups of fungi that have been studied to arrive at the predicted figure of 1.5 million (Hawksworth, 1991; Subramanian et al 2003) Cymbopogon species are traditional medicinal grasses well recognised for its aromatic oil. Cymbopogon caesius grass was wide spread in areas of Kemmannugundi of Chikmagalur Dist, Karnataka. Despite the wide distribution of Cymbopogon grass along the central Western Ghats of Karnataka only limited work has been done for their association with fungal endophytes. Even though the oil extracted from the grass has been used in medicine currently there is no enough information regarding the diversity of the fungal endophytes with the species. We have selected Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. Arn.) Stapf for the study of diversity of the fungal endophytes. Fungi were isolated from leaves, stem and root followed by the surface sterilisation process. The objectives of the study were to isolate and identify the fungal endophytes from different parts of Cymbopogon caeceous grass of Kemmannugundi regions of Karnataka. 2. Meterials and Methods 2.1 Sampling: C. caeseus (root, stem and leaf samples) was collected from Kemmannugundi (13 º2826 N 75 º4450 E 4275ft) Chikmagalur District. Roots were collected with a ball of soil so that to avoid damage to the roots. Twenty healthy looking culms of grass were collected and transported in a clean polythene bag in closed condition and processed within 24 hour of collection. 2.2 Isolation of fungi The collected samples were washed thoroughly by running tap water to clean soil from roots and were cut into small pieces. The cut segments were surface sterilised using 70% ethanol followed by immersion in 3% Sodium hypochlorite for 4 minutes and again washed twice with distilled water (Maheshwari and Rajagopal, 2013). The efficacy of the surface sterilisation was confirmed by pressing the sterilised segments onto the surface of the medium, the surface sterilised small pieces were cut into .03-.05cm segments (Chuyang et al., 2001). Four hundred segments were inoculated into potato dextrose agar medium which is supplemented with 100mg of Amoxillin to inhibit the growth of bacteria. The inoculated petri plates were wrapped with petriseal and incubated at 27  ±1 degree centigrade. The plates were observed daily after 3 days of inoculation up to one month the emerged fungal endophytes were transferred to new petri plates containing PDA Medium. 2.3 Identification of Endophytic fungi For the identification of endophytic fungi, slides were prepared from pure cultures and were stained with Lacto phenol cotton blue stain and observed under Karl Zeiss Primo star microscope. Morphological Characteristics such as growth pattern colour of colony, mycelium texture, spore production type and characters of the spore (Barnet Hunter, Ellis, Subramanian). 3. Statistical analysis The colonisation rate (CR) was determined by total number of segments yielding endophytes divided by the total number of segments inoculated (Petrini et al., 1982). Number of segments yielding endophytes Total number of segments inoculated 4. Results A total of 959 isolates of endophytes were recovered out of 1200 segments inoculated. Total 400 segments each of root, stem and leaf segments were inoculated for the isolation of endophytes. Most frequently found endophytes were Fusarium oxysporum (11.46%), Aspergillus clavatus (8.7%), and Curvularia spp. (7.78%) (Table 1). Table 1: Colonisation Frequency of fungal endophytes of C. caesius. Sl. No. Endophyte Name Colonisation frequency (%) Root Stem Leaf Total Alternaria alternata 4.1 1.09 1.73 Aspergillus clavatus 15.3 6.0 4.8 8.7 Bipolaris Sp. 2.00 0.66 Cephalosporium sp. 0.8 1.9 0.9 Cladosporium sp. 0.6 0.2 0.26 Curvularia andropogonis 16.0 5.2 1.7 7.63 Curvularia lunata 12.2 7.9 3.7 7.93 Fusarium oxysporum 16.1 11.9 6.4 11.46 Hansfordia ovalispora 0.9 0.3 Oidiodendron sp. 1.6 0.9 0.83 Trichoderma sp. 0.4 1.3 0.56 Wardomyces anomala 0.6 0.2 Unidentified Morphotypes 16.4 14.3 14.6 15.1 Table 2: Infection frequency and isolation rate of fungal endophytes of C. caesius. C. caesius plant tissues Leaves Stem Root Total Number of Samples 400 400 400 1200 Number of isolates recovered 126 198 348 672 Colonisation rate 31.5% 49.5% 87% 56% Number of Morph taxa 4 5 9 18 More isolates of endophytes (87%) were recovered from the root segments of the Cymbopogon grass compared to stem (49.49%) and leaf segments (56%). 18 unidentified fungi were numbered and stored as morph taxa. 5. Discussion The Cymbopogon grass is the very popular for its aromatic oil. The purpose of the study was to document endophytic diversity of Cymbopogon grass of the study area which was widely distributed in the area. The endophytic fungi were cultivated on artificial medium (PDA) as pure culture. Some of the fungi exhibited characteristic colony characters and microscopic characters which were helpful in identifying them whereas some of the fungus was produced good mycelia but did not show any sporulation were kept as morph types. All the isolated endophytes belonging to 11 different genera. The endophytes were more resided in root. The endophytes may not show any host specificity as they were recovered from different groups of plants (Petrini 1986). In the present investigation leaves, stems and roots of C. caesius were used for isolation of endophytic fungi. The fungal colonisation was higher in roots as compare to stem and leaves. Higher colonisation of endophytes in leaf and stem tissues, as compared to roots, was reported by Siegel and Latch (1991) and Clay and Schardle (2002) Ajay et al (2012) in grasses and in the study of medicinal plant species leaves colonised greater number of endophytes compared to stem and bark (Raviraja 2005). About 11 genera of fungal species were isolated which indicates the various fungal populations in the grass. The variation in the colonisation rate depends on the host habitat, Soil environment (Shankar Naik et al, 2014). In the study the CR is varied in different parts of the plant. The more number of fungal endophytes isolated from root which similar to the results of Sita et, al., 2011 where thy obtained almost three times more endophytes in roots compared to shoot tissues. Fungi have been widely investigated as a source of bioactive compounds. An excellent example of this is the anticancer drug, taxol, which had been previously supposed to occur only in the plants (Strobel Daisy, 2003) in this aspect present study is very relevant to explore more useful fungal endophytes. 6. Acknowledgement The authors are gratefully thankful to Kuvempu University Shankaraghatta Shimoga for constant support throughout the study and Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, New Delhi for Financial assistance. 7. References [1] Chunying Zhang, Lijuan Yin, Silan Dai, Diversity of root-associated fungal endophytes in Rhododendron fortune in subtropical forests of China, Mycorrhiza. 19(2009) 417-423. [2] Carroll, G. C, Fungal endophytes in stems and leaves: From latent pathogen to mutualistic symbiont, Ecology. 692 (1988) -9. [3] Hawksworth,D. L, The fungal dimension of biodiversity :magnitude, significance, and conservation, Mycol. Res. 95(1991) 641-655. [4] Petrini, 0. Stone, j. Carroll, F. Endophytic fungi in evergreen shrubs in western Oregon: a preliminary study, Canadian Journal of Botany. 60(1982) 789-796. [5] Petrini, O, Taxonomy of endophytic fungi of aerial plant tissues. In Microbiology of the Phyllosphere (ed. N. j. Fokkema ). van den Heuvel), 1986, pp. 175-187. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. [6] Pramuan Saithong, Wanchai Panthavee, Siriporn Stonsaovapak and Li Congfa, Isolation and primary identification of endophytic fungi from Cephalotaxus mannii trees, Maejo International journal of Science and Technology. 4(03) (2010) 446-453. [7] Raviraja N S, Fungal endophytes in five medicinal plant species from Kudremukh Range, Western Ghats of India, Journal of Basic Microbiology. 45(3) (2005) 230-235. [8] Shankar Naik B, Krishnappa M, Krishnamurthy Y L. Endophytic assemblage in Strychnous nuxvomica L. and antagonistic activities in vitro, Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 2014. [9] Sita R Ghimire, Nikki D Charlton, Jeremey D Bell, Yelugere L Krishnamurthy and Kelly D Craven, Biodiversity of fungal endophyte communities inhabiting switch grass (Panicum virgatum L.) growing in the native tall grass prairie of northern Oklahoma, Fungal Diversity. 47(2011)19-27. [10] Suryanarayanan T S and Kumaresan V, Endophytic fungi of some halophytes from an estuarine mangrove forest, Mycological Research. 104(12) (2000) 1465-1467. [11] Hong Lu, Wen Xin Zou, Jun Cai Meng, Jun Hu, Ren Xiang Tan, New bioactive metabolites produced by Colletotrichum sp., an endophytic fungus in Artemisia annua, Plant Science 151 (2000) 67–73. [12] Clovis Douanla-Meli,Ewald Langer, Diversity and molecular phylogeny of fungal endophytes associated with Diospyros crassiflora, Mycology 3(3) (2012):175-187. [13] Maheswari, S., and Rajagopal, K, Biodiversity of endophytic fungi in Kigelia pinnata during two different seasons, Curr. Sci. 104(2013): 515-518. [14] Barnett, H.L., and Hunter, B.B., 1972.Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi, 3rd ed. Burgess publishing company, USA.pp. 218. [15] Ellis M B, More Dematiaceous Hypomycetes, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Suirrey, England, 1976. [16] Siegel MR, Latch GCM., Expression of antifungal activity in agar culture by isolates of grass endophytes, Mycologia, 83(1991) 529–537. [17] Clay K, Schardle CL., Evolutionary origin and ecological consequences of endophyte symbiosis with grasses, Am Nat, 160(2002) S99–S127. [18] Ajay Kumar Gautam , Mona Kant Yogita Thakur., Isolation of endophytic fungi from Cannabis sativa and study their antifungal potential, Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, Vol. 46 (2013), No. 6, 627–635. [19] Gary Strobel and  Bryn Daisy, Bioprospecting for Microbial Endophytes and Their Natural Products, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 67(4)2003: 491–502.

Epic of Beowulf Essay - The Balance of Joy and Sorrow in Beowulf

The Balance of Joy and Sorrow in Beowulf        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The poet Richard Wilbur expresses in his poem Beowulf one of many sorrows expressed by the original Beowulf poem: â€Å"Such gifts as are the hero’s hard reward †¦ These things he stowed beneath his parting sail, And wept that he could share them with no son† (Wilbur 67).    The hero’s lament of not having an heir is but one of many dozens of sorrows in this poetic classic, which balance with numerous joys expressed on alternate pages. This essay expresses but a selection of joys and sorrows from among the almost countless number existing in the poem.    Beowulf both begins and ends on the sorrowful occasion of a death, Danish king Scyld Scefing’s in the opening lines, and our hero’s in the closing lines. This fact is important in some critics’ classification of the poem as an elegy rather than an epic: â€Å"It is an heroic-elegaic poem; and in a sense all its first 3136 lines are the prelude to a dirge: [Then the Geatish people made ready no mean pyre on the earth]: one of the most moving ever written† (Tolkien 38).    Hrothgar, Scyld’s great grandson, introduces the first full measure of joy into the poem by (1) being a king â€Å"beloved by his people; and (2) with his construction of a huge and splendid hall called Heorot, where he can â€Å"share out among young and old all God Had given him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the hall â€Å"each new day† there was â€Å"heard happy laughter loud in the hall, the thrum of the harp, melodious chant, clear song of the scop.† And even a deeper, spiritual joy was available in the hall as listeners learned â€Å"how the Almighty had made the earth, this bright shining plain which the waters surround.† As a result of the hall, â€Å"the brave warriors lived in ... ...elly† – a positive. Beowulf’s demise, the chastising of the cowardly fighters, the prophecy that the Geatas will be the object of hostility from various kingdoms, the mourning – can all this sorrow possibly be balanced by: They said he was, of the kings of this world, the kindest to his men, the most courteous man, the best to his people, and most eager for fame.   This famous, enduring poem is thus seen as a balance of joys and sorrows from beginning to end.    BIBLIOGRAPHY   Chickering, Howell D.. Beowulf A dual-Language Edition. New York: Anchor Books, 1977. Tolkien, J.R.R.. â€Å"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics.† In TheBeowulf Poet, edited byDonald K. fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Wilbur, Richard. â€Å"Beowulf.† In TheBeowulf Poet, edited byDonald K. fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.

Food Trip Essay

Revolutionaries and activists, tried of associating the Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) with these words? Well, it’s time to change your thoughts. PUP isn’t just for words like those mentioned above, please try to look at the brighter side. PUP isn’t just the way you think it is. All the speculations about our school aren’t true. Actually, if you’re inside our campus, you’ll surely have a wonderful time. The school offers delightful treats such as low tuition, high quality education and most especially, foods. I recommend you to go to PUP and I assure you a cheap and an enjoyable food trip for you and for your friends. TRUST ME! ï Å  PUP has it all, from snacks to lunch and to every kind of foods that you will surely like. I bet if you enter our campus, you won’t go out of it without being tempt to buy foods because of its cheap price. Be sure to prepare your spoon and fork as I introduce to you the best foods at the lowest price our campus can offer. 1.Value Meals (20php – 35php) One cup of rice with any ulam of your choice. These include dinuguan, chicken fillet, fried chicken, beef steak, adobo, burger steak, liempo, giniling, sausages, vegetables, etc. Imagine?!! With just 30php, you will experience tasting lutong bahay even if you’re away from home. 2.Buy 1 Take 1 Burgers (25php – 32php) Say goodbye to Jollibee, Mcdonald’s, KFC, and other burger – producing fast food chains. PUP has the cheapest burger ever. With just 32php, we can avail two burgers and that is if you are in PUP. While in fast food chains, you will just be left with dissatisfaction. 3.Clubhouse (20php) All the PUPians know this – clubhouse is a triangle – shaped sandwich with egg wrappings and ham fillings. Well, the best thing about this food is that it is served with free drinks. Yes!!! You heard it right! It’s with FREE! FREE! FREE! AS IN FREE DRINKS which comes in various flavors. As far as I know, it is one of the highest grossing and most sought food in the University. It is so SULIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIT! 4.FEWA (33php or 37php) FEWA is also known as Footlong and Egg Wrapped Around. It is a sandwich with footlong (can be either regular in size or jumbo) wrapped in fried scrambled egg with cheese and cabbage. Another reason why you would enjoy this food is because of its vendor who has great sense of humor. Wondering who? Well, better check him or, should I say, her? At the East Wing of PUP canteen. 5.Fruit Shakes and Juices (10php-20php)

How to Use Respectively in a Sentence

How to Use Respectively in a Sentence How to Use Respectively in a Sentence Today, we’re looking at the word â€Å"respectively,† which we use to refer to something previously mentioned. This is a great word when used correctly, allowing us to clarify how different parts of a sentence relate to one another. But it’s also easy to misuse if you’re not sure how it works. Let’s look first at how â€Å"respectively† should be used, then, before examining a couple of common errors you’ll want to avoid. How to Use Respectively in a Sentence â€Å"Respectively† is an adverb meaning â€Å"in the order mentioned.† We use it when we want to emphasize the relationships between two pairs or items in two parallel lists (i.e., two lists that contain the same number of items). For example, we could use â€Å"respectively† as follows: Paris and Berlin are the capital cities of France and Germany, respectively. âÅ"“ This tells us that Paris is the capital of France and that Berlin is the capital of Germany. We know this because â€Å"respectively† means that the first city mentioned (Paris) goes with the first country mentioned (France), and likewise for the second city (Berlin) and country (Germany). Common Error: Non-Parallel Lists People make two main errors when using â€Å"respectively.† One is to use it without preceding parallel structures, or without a direct one-to-one relationship between items in two lists: The wires connect to the diode and fuse, respectively. âÅ"â€" Here, for example, â€Å"respectively† does not make sense because we don’t know how many wires there are or how they are distinct from each other. To correct this, we would need to write: The blue wire and green wire connect to the diode and fuse, respectively. âÅ"“ In this version, we can clearly see which wire connects to which component. Common Error: Unnecessary Use of Respectively Another error is to use this term when it isn’t necessary. For instance: Dogs and cats are common household pets, respectively. âÅ"â€" In this case, since both dogs and cats are pets, we can lose â€Å"respectively†: Dogs and cats are common household pets. âÅ"“ We would, however, use this term to distinguish between the two. For example, we could clarify the genus to which each species belongs: Dogs and cats belong respectively to the genera Canis and Felis. âÅ"“ Here, without the â€Å"respectively,† it would not be 100% clear which species belonged to which genus. This, therefore, is a good use of the term. And if you need any more advice on using this word in a document, don’t forget you can try our proofreading service for free.

Gangster movies are, by common knowledge stories, about crime and the lives of criminals Essay Example

Gangster movies are, by common knowledge stories, about crime and the lives of criminals Essay Example Gangster movies are, by common knowledge stories, about crime and the lives of criminals Essay Gangster movies are, by common knowledge stories, about crime and the lives of criminals Essay Essay Topic: Back in the World Stories Pulp Fiction The Godfather Gangster movies are, by common knowledge stories, about crime and the lives of criminals. Heroes of these movies are individuals who make their living through robbing banks, murdering, or any other illegal activity. Gangster movies are not concerned with the morality of the crime to great extent, but rather try to show the character of criminals free from judging them for what they do. The moral message of the movie is usually placed at the end of it, when criminals most often finish tragically. So, through the movie, gangsters are heroes, who gain respect because of their good style and power they have. The golden age of gangster genre started in 1930s during the Depression Era and the Prohibition Era between 1930 and 1932, when contemporary organized crime was on the rise. (www/filmsite) The genre became very popular through the time, when the problem of organized crime was widespread, and it continues to be popular today. The reason for the perpetuity of the crime topic is the persistence of crime in reality, and its constant development in the sense of variety. This progressive nature of crime did not allow the genre to stagnate in story, but the real changes within the characteristics of it came thanks to couple of individualistic directors like Tarrantino or Guy Richie. In this essay I will present the basic characteristics of a classic gangster movie The Godfather by Martin Scorsese and the changes brought into the genre in Pulp Fiction by Quentin Tarrantino. The variances within the gangster genre on the example of The Godfather and Pulp Fiction are represented by playing wit h the gangsters manners, intellect, appearance, the degree and illustration of violence, through increasing speed of the actions in the movie, or simply by emphasizing the role of music in the movie. : The Godfather is a movie about powerful Corleone family, whose main business is crime. The movie analyses the structure and organizational culture of Sicilian Mafia, which is very similar to any other gangster organization, but also differs from it in many ways. For the purpose of the comparison with Pulp Fiction I will pay attention only to general characteristics of the gangster genre in the movie, leaving out the facts that are typical only for Sicilian Mafia. The boss Don Corleone (Marlon Brando) and his son Johnny (Al Pacino) are the heroes of the movie. They earn respect through businessman style in dressing, good manners in public, or power they have. The power of a gangster is his gun, that makes him dangerous, the coldness of his face expression, as he never smiles, his good style and manners being his reference power, and his mysterious unpredictability and determination. Johnny and Don do not talk much, all the conversation is mostly about business and there are no suffici ent words, or jokes. This is one of the things that Tarrantino broke in his Pulp Fiction. Tarrantinos heroes, Vincent (John Travolta) and Jules (Samuel L. Jackson) are not typical gangsters. They are dressed in black suits and have guns, but they rather earn laugh than respect. Jules and Vincent do not talk only about business but about hash in Amsterdam, French language or foot massage. So, seeing them on the way to kill someone while talking about cultural differences between U.S. and Europe makes us very confused about their identity and the identity of genre in the entire film, and we laugh in disbelief. Tarantino plays with the genre, not missing out the fact that these guys are dangerous as they cold-bloodedly shoot many people in the movie, but as well giving them the common-person characteristics and not making them icons but familiar people. In this way he rejects to make Jules and Vincent gangsters from the cliche, or absolute gangsters in any life situation. When they go out off-duty they wear shorts and funny T-shirt, Vincent is putting his belly out and loosing his authority and fearfulness among the viewers. Vincent and Jules are rather half gangsters-half comedians. The comedian side is emphasized, and the respect to Vincent is undermined more by the fact that he is on drugs most of the time. Unlike Don Corleone and Johnny who are soberly concentrated, serious and always alert, Vincent is dizzy, panicking and his mental detachment almost causes the death of bosss wife (Umma Thurman). Another material change within the genre between these two movies is the vividness of pictured violence. Martin Scorsese chooses to make the murders look clean and his gangsters, when killing, stay in control over the situation. Little blood is shown, and the murder is well planed and driven by the utility of the organization. Tarantino exaggerates in violence and amount of blood Jules and Vincent even kill by mistake, so they look clumsy, unorganized, and comical. Yet again, the respect for the gangster is undermined and it looks like Tarantino mocks the genre. The difference in the tempo of these two movies is substantial. The Godfather has slower flow of actions and breaks between the scenes of crime are longer and contain the analytical description of the gangster culture. Scorsese is showing us that all illegal activity is carefully planed in front and by that, at the same time he slows down the action and builds respectful figure of the gangsters. Pulp Fiction is chaotic in tempo. It has faster turnovers from one murder to another danger, slows down for a while and unpredictably thrusts into another action. Vincent and Jules are not putting much intellectual effort into their crimes, and they fall from one action to a trouble and so on. The background music in The Godfather is unnoticeable. It is mostly traditional music performed live on the weddings and funerals. It doesnt serve like a tool to reinforce certain atmosphere of the scene or situation. Tarantino uses music to provoke certain feeling or to mock the situation and make us laugh. The music is loud and plays its role, it speeds up the dangerous situations and often at the same time with its comic lyrics turns the situation into grotesque. The gangster genre is not dying. Its popularity is determined by the continuous existence of crime in reality. The transformation of gangster myth from The Godfather to Pulp Fiction doesnt necessarily mean the devaluation of the genre but is purely individualistic variance of it. Both Scorsese and Tarantino are enriching the genre with its movies. Tarantino manages to balance between parody and seriousness of the gangster picture, on the other hand Scorsese provides us with in-depth, but traditional portrayal of the world of organized crime. The Godfather in 1972, was determining the genre in the reality of 70s, and in 90s Tarrantino liberates the genre in the spirit of the age.

Journal paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal paper - Essay Example For instance, people surrounding me get the notion that I am supposed to be aware of all the affairs between the British government and Iraq. On the contrary, I am a male from the young generation of Muslims in Britain. Therefore, I am more inclined to be conscious of social issues that occur within the country than Islam’s external influence on local political affairs (Wade, Kayann and Hunter 82). My identity has shaped the way I interact with the world in a similar way that the most renowned Muslim terrorists have. For instance, Osama Bin Laden was the main cause of the major concerns the western world chose to monitor because of the terror attacks he caused. As a male Muslim in a developed country, I have encountered fears expressed on other individuals I interact or even come across (Wade, Kayann and Hunter 55). An imminent cultural conflict, and the resulting need for security from Islamic assailants, normally occurs at public places that I visit, or fellow colleagues that interact with me (Wade, Kayann and Hunter 74). Moderate democracy and worldwide capitalism form the main issues I address to individuals who express fear in my presence or ideas, because of the media images they are exposed to on a daily basis. Developing a sense of belonging in a culture is an essential part of every person’s maturity. Every individual’s self-conception forms part of a one of a kind combination of identifications that define a person. These identifications would significantly contribute to the research thesis and topic since they appear to correspond with every person’s interests. For instance, gender, religion or ethnicities are proper examples of identifications expound on culture. I volunteered in the formation of a blog entitled â€Å"Jihad watch.† This blog will assist in the sharing of various ideas concerning the Islam culture and religion, recent affairs and improvements, and experiences in interaction with the outer world. My

Business Process Outsourcing Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Process Outsourcing - Research Proposal Example Therefore, it will be our endeavour to figure out; Therefore, using reliable secondary sources of data would certainly yield the information related to certain cases which have been highlighted in the mainstream media. Haley (2003) contends that a number of researchers have opted to conduct secondary research instead of primary research, primarily because of the cost of conducting such a research and limited opportunities for conducting primary research. Some reliable secondary sources for this research would be the document from NASSCOM, one of India's premier institution representing the software and IT industry; Data available from reputed international organisation like WTO and ILO. Newspaper reports like; Will also prove handy to understand what's going on inside the glittering ITES buildings. In order to assess the opinion of all major stakeholders in the outsourcing industry, we can plan out interviews/ questionnaire surveys with; iii. Some ITES workers. It must be emphasised here that these workers are discouraged from shelling out information to outsiders. But, it needs bit of convincing and an undertaking on the part of the researcher to the effect that, this research is being carried out primarily for academic purpose, and it won't be used for any other purpose. iv. Some union leaders from India like those from UNITES, and some international union leaders like those from UNI Global union. This will help us in knowing both sides of the story. v. Seeking the opinion of someone from the medical profession will also help in correlating the physiological and psychological disorders. Information thus collected will help us in making the comparisons and further investigating the trend. In order to determine the possible implications and significance of the US/UK shifts in the outsourcing industry in India, an interview questionnaire shall be prepared which will seek answers from the respondents accordingly. Part A of the questionnaire will contain the demographic characteristics of the respondents which will serve as the profile of the respondents. This will include their gender, age, employment, and affiliations profile. Part B will determine the behaviour and attitudes of the respondents as to how they perceive the working in graveyard shifts Part C will assess and identify the possible impl