Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Literature Review - Essay Example This paper analyses the recession and its influence on Indian ship breaking industry. The article Effect of recession, written by Nagpal N in 2008 has mentioned that the unemployment increased a lot because of recession. He has also mentioned that the companies forced to cut down their expenditure on advertising and media activities because of recession. Stock markets all over the world have shown negative results because of recession. Those who invested in housing, car, security and insurance schemes suffered lot of damages. Expatriates in America from countries like India lost their jobs and started to return because of the recession. As the dollar value falls, the American economy started to decline. The cheap goods manufacturers, China and Thailand like countries were also suffered lot of problems because of their market loss in America (Nagpal, 2008). The article Impact of global recession on India by Sonia Verma explained recession in terms of demand, inflation and deflation. Indian companies getting good outsourcing businesses from America and any economic problems in America may affect India also. Exports to America from India also suffered major setback because of recession. America stopped new hiring which is another concern for the Indian expatriate community in America. Around one crore persons could loss employment because of recession in America itself in a financial year. IT industries, financial sectors, real estate owners, car industry, investment banking and other industries were the major sufferers of the current recession (Verma, 2009) The article Recession proves to be a boon for ship breaking at Alang, reported heavy business in Indian ship breaking industry during the current recession period. It reported that companies docking vessels for disposal to avoid a downturn in freight rates. Rising steel prices,

Final Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Final Business Plan - Essay Example Currently, the retail and fashion industry tends to be biased towards dressings as opposed to home products. However, a close analysis of fashion trends and customer preferences from a research conducted by our research team has revealed a great need for home textile products that are environmentally friendly, affordable, and trendy. With this view in mind, we intend to tailor our products to meet these specific needs. In particular we will provide products made from high quality organic materials with great focus on colours, styles and fits. Our products will include xxxx. These will be made from organic materials such as cotton, silk and wool. Our products will be made or processed In India and exported for sale to Hollywood, Los Angeles. Our core business activity is the design, branding and selling of organic textiles. Our secondary business activities include research and development of organic farming techniques and inputting this information back to the organic cotton suppliers. New World Textiles aims to develop relationships of mutual benefits with its suppliers using a fair trading platform. With a low supply of organic cotton strained by the rapidly growing demand, It is beneficial for New world textiles to play an influential role in the supply chain of organic textiles through the engagement of CSR activities. New World Textiles is a start-up retail business that will sell fashionable home textiles to residents and visitors in Hollywood, Los Angeles. New World Textiles will be located along xxx, a place popular with tourists and visitors of all kinds and from different countries. In particular we will provide products made from high quality organic materials with great focus on colours, styles and fits. Our products will include xxxx. These will be made from organic materials such as cotton, silk and wool. New World Textiles is a multi-member Limited Liability

Human Resource Management Company Changes Essay

Human Resource Management Company Changes - Essay Example The unstructured interview is the most used interview for selecting employees although this is most likely to change, as there is increasing evidence that the other two kinds of interview are a lot better at identifying applicants who are likely to do well on the job. The 'reliability and validity', which Wysocki (2000) refers to, are two standards that are used in the selection process. When an organization is trying to separate the best candidate out of a group of candidates, some sort of rating scale is needed, the people selecting the new employee need to be able rate each candidate numerically, the best way would be to give them a score for each selection method used. When all the candidates have been scored, their scores can be compared and decisions made about who is the best person for the job. "Five generic standards that should be met by any selection method are, (1) reliability, (2) validity, (3) generalisability, (4) utility and (5) legality." (De Cieri H, Kramar R, et al, 2003, p 196) The scores that are given to each candidate need to be reliable, that is free from random error. Reliability is defined by De Cieri and Kramar (2003) as 'the degree to which a measure is free from random error' . ... De Cieri and Kramar (2003), define validity 'as the extent to which performance on the measure is related to performance on the job.' This basically means that the scores of candidates need to be linked to how well they will perform on the job. The closer the link, the more valid the score. Generalisability is defined as "the degree to which the validity of a selection method established in one context extends to other contexts. Utility is the degree to which the information provided by selection methods enhances the bottom-line effectiveness of the organization." (De Cieri H, Kramar R, et al, 2003, p 205). "The final standard that any selection method should adhere to is legality. All selection methods should conform to existing laws and existing legal precedents."(De Cieri H, Kramar R, et al, 2003, p 207). Structured interviews usually have the highest reliability and validity scores when compared with unstructured or semi-structured interviews, making the structured interview the better choice of interview for the organization to use as a selection method. Schmidt and Hunter (1998) created a table rating the validity of different selection methods; the structured interview had a validity of 0.51 whilst the unstructured interview had a validity of 0.38. These numbers are correlation coefficients; a correlation coefficient is "a statistic that measures the degree to which two sets of numbers are related to each other."(De Cieri, H. & Kramar, R., 2003, p 197). This means that the structured interview is better than an unstructured interview at predicting how well a candidate will perform on the job. Other selection methods, which have also improved over the years, are used along with the selection interview, they include; "References, physical ability

Debating public Policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Debating public Policy - Term Paper Example The researcher is of the view that decision making in public policy is an engineered process that reflect the motive and paradigm set by decision maker. Moreover, policymaking decisions are controlled activities which often reflect the political motives. Decision in policymaking, according to Deborah Stone is a process which involves an actor (an individual, firm or organization or entity) who chooses to take course of action in order to achieve the desired end. The actor follows mental operational steps including: defining of goals, imagining alternative means for attaining them, evaluating the consequences, and choosing the alternative that is most likely to achieve desired goal (Stone 233). While these steps represent an organized process, decision makers often disregard their implementation in the exact sequence. Some of the reasons include the emphasis on ends versus means, welfare versus utility of the public, and so on. Policymakers therefore often skip the initial stages, and work their way from the bottom - that is from the goals towards the alternatives and their consequences. The main aim of policy decision is to maximize the total welfare instead of focusing on a chosen few within the community (Stone 234). After all, the purpose of a public policy is to promote the welfare of the society. Regardless of the consequences to a small number of individuals, decisions pertaining to the welfare of a community should be a reflection of the choice of the individuals. What use is the policy decision to the society if it only serves a chosen few? Thus, the public decision maker is a "servant" to the objective of the society, and the decisions made should reflect the choices and preferences of the individuals (Stokey and Zeckhauser 258). However, reality it is different. In a multicultural environment such as in the United States, it is difficult to holistically achieve complete consensus of

Using Of Natural And Eco-Friendly Materials Research Paper

Using Of Natural And Eco-Friendly Materials - Research Paper Example Environmentally friendly fashion is good for the universe, is good for human beings, is good for animals, and lasts for a long time. The environmentally friendly fashion is, therefore, sensitive to the environment using the advancing technology to create recycled and synthetic materials. The environmentally friendly fashion aims at creating a balance in nature through preservation of biodiversity. The environmentally friendly fashion strikes a balance between profit, people, and the planet (Stapley-Ponikowski para. 4). Every product is created from raw materials and energy. The raw materials that make the make these products have different effects on the environment. The manufacturer is required by the law to use products that have minimal damage to the environment. To be able to achieve this feat the manufacturer has to consider the following options while creating his product (Sympatico Clothing para. 7). The material that is used to create plays a vital role in the amount of damage the environment has on the environment. Products created from materials that are less harmful to the environment have less damage than those made from harmful materials. Heavy metals such as lead and mercury affect our environment causing endless loss of lives to the flora and fauna. Companies seeking to protect our universe from extinction should use less harmful materials to manufacture their products (Stapley-Ponikowski para. 5). To limit the amount of damage caused to the environmental organizations should consider using a reduced amount of material to create their products. The use of a smaller amount of materials will require the company to critique whether their product would still be viable after the reduction.

Response to Horatio Alger of H. L. Dalton Essay Example for Free

Response to Horatio Alger of H. L. Dalton Essay Harlon L. Dalton in his essay Horatio Alger criticizes a concept of the American dream the idea that presents America as the country where the opportunity for a success is possible for all hard working, talented and determined people regardless of race, gender and their social status. Dalton implies that not only this idea is not true but is doing a harm to society because that equality is cover only wishful thinking and can not be true unless massive changes in society economic structure and relocation of resources will be done. Daltons essay presents the point of view with that I can only partially agree. I must say that author is probably right that in this country the opportunities are not equal for all people. Why they should be? This world is not a paradise; we cannot just overcome overnight all either what is bad in us or in our society, it a complicated and I assume time-consuming process. I would like to give an example: I could tell the employer: you must employ the African-American and not white man that will be wrong not only because it could be white man who truly deserves this position but because the employer should really be aware that what is good for his company is to employ the more talented employee. There should be no law to force him whom he could employ. Therefore, there must be change in people and their thinking; it may take sometimes a generation or two. Nevertheless, even America is not fully fulfilled dream for all people; it opened the door of success for many and still is opening for others. This vast country gave opportunity for first settlers to success. Only strong and smart could survive in the harsh environment but their hard work was well paid, and they learned how to use this land to live well. As many newcomers came, the opportunity diminished making the dream more difficult to fulfill. It does not mean that American Dream died then; it is been well preserved in American constitution and richness of this country that is a good base to create that wonderland of equal opportunities for all people. Day after day this country is changing the more women achieve the most important positions in the enterprises, the more African-American stars appears on the big  screen, our children have more friends of different races and we do not mind to go to the doctor whose color of skin is different than ours. That is a big achievement and that is American dream. Dalton says not only that we live in the inequality but also that the concept of American dream is making harm to the society because allows to believe in what is not true and stop the reforms that should be done to prevent these inequalities. In my opinion, American Dream is self-realizing idea: the more people will believe in equality the more equality will be. If every man in this country will believe that all people have equal rights that will be no need to introduce massive changes in the structure of the economy and in the location of public resources as the author suggests. The problem is people still do not believe in it and therefore act as they should not act protecting those who they should not and rejecting these whom they should protect. There is another good reason to believe in American Dream; this dream is the engine that makes people works harder and more effectively, what helps to create the economical betterment of this country. I truly believe also that if any of social or racial group feels that its rights are abused it will refuse to work hard and in consequences it will fall off from the pursuit of money and goods and this way only worsen its own situation. In the conclusion, American dream is not failed idea as author wanted to present it. Although we do not live with a total equality, this dream is reflecting people desire America to be such a country and it is the factor that is making the America what is today in economical and social dimension. Bibliography Dalton H.A. Horatio Alger.

Upper Class In Britain Sociology Essay

Upper Class In Britain Sociology Essay There are quite intense debates nowadays about social classes between social scientists. Some argue that there is no need anymore to study the classes of society in the old ways, since in the twentieth century capitalism and the global economy altered the society and the way people live their lives so much; that classes became so fragmented, so layered that basically they have turned into lifestyles (Marsh et al, 2000). Others argue that, although there are changes in the class system, the basic classes still clearly can be found and studied (especially the upper class), and these social classes are still playing a decisive part in peoples life and identity. They agree that social classes became very layered and sometimes hardly identifiable, but they also say that people still identify themselves in the terms of classes and that the classes were not effected equally by these changes in global and national economy. They also say that inequality between people still makes the classes fairly identifiable (Macionis Plummer, 2005). These debates would not have made sense till the industrial revolution. Till that time there was a clearly identifiable working-, middle- and upper class. However the changes in the national and global economy, also in the ownership of the big companies and the birth of the joint-stock companies made the borders between social classes vague and, some say, led to the demise of the upper class (Marsh et al, 2000). Edgell (1993) cited by Kirby et al (1997, p. 125) states that there are two approaches of the upper classs situation now days. The managerialist and the non-managerialist approach. The managerialist scientists, like Dahrendorf, say that the separation of ownership and control led to the birth of a manager class and through this change it also led to vast alterations in the upper class. They state that, on one hand, the workers can buy shares in any company and the control of the companies wandered from the owners (members of the upper class) to the managers, thus the upper c lass became just as fragmented and layered as the working-, and middle-class. On the other hand, because of the changes in the quality of life, the lower classes enjoy or will enjoy the same privileges just as the upper class (Kirby et al, 1997). Hence, argue they, it does not make sense to study classes in the old way, since the classes in the way as people knew them have disappeared. However the scientists on the other side of the fence say that, though the class system became very layered, that change did not affected the upper class as much as the other classes. Moreover, they argue that the upper class is the only one which still can be identified and separated easily, although it became more layered than it was in the nineteenth century (Bilton et al, 2002). They prove this statement with statistics, surveys and other evidences. The changes that made the working-, and middle-class almost too layered to be studied, also had an effect on the upper class. The scientists now days separate different layers. The basic partitioning separates it to two layers: the upper-uppers and the lower-uppers. The upper-uppers are the old landed aristocracy and the lower-uppers are the new rich, who became wealthy during the industrialization or in the twentieth century through the changes in the global and national economy. These are the very basic layers of the upper class, but we can separate them further. As Macionis Plummer (2005) and Giddens (1980) cited by Kirby et al (1997, pp.124-125) state there are four main categories: the land-owning rich, whose income and wealth comes mostly from inherited lands and goods, the so called fat-cats who have gigantic salaries, the ‘jet-set rich who made their wealth in the show-, or any other businesses, but one thing is common in them they are all very famous. The last group i s the entrepreneurial rich who made their money through investments in companies or real estate. Scott (1997) cited by Fulcher Scott (2003, p.716) uses a different partitioning. He states that there are four layers of the lower-upper class. The first one is the ‘entrepreneurial capitalist. They make their money through running the business of big companies, whose shares they own. The second group is the ‘rentier capitalist. They made their money from the land or from any other business, but now days they make money by investing into many enterprises. The third layer is the ‘executive capitalist who own executive positions in big companies and reached this status by good education and hard work; and the last group is the ‘finance capitalist. They make their income by holding part-time positions in many corporations leadership, mainly in the banking or insurance sector. As it can be seen there are many layers in the upper class, but what makes these layers can be asked to constitute a well identifiable and basically single social group, called the upper class? Well, many things. In the nineteenth century the upper-upper and lower-upper class were quite separate. The landed upper class did not absorb the new rich till the end of the nineteenth century. This absorbing process was very slow. Though the lower-uppers had the same power and many times they were richer than many old-uppers, they did not have the prestige which the old-uppers had had for a long time. However, the unity of interests they have, slowly made them one single social class; and nowadays they are attached together by many things (Fulcher Scott, 2003). In a Weberian view, they have the power, status and wealth to defend their interests and reproduce themselves, which can be seen in the statistics. As Macionis Plummer (2005) state in 1997 there were 120.000 millionaires in Britai n, this number grew to 200.000 till 2000. Furthermore between 1983 and 1993 the earnings of the top five per cent of the population rose by fifty per cent, whilst the earnings of the lowest five per cent were basically stagnating. In addition the top one per cent of Britains population owns the one fifth, one fourth of the countrys marketable wealth, while half of the whole population owns only the six per cent of it. That is because they have huge influence in society, hence they can protect each others interest, which they do so. And what tides these people together as an upper class? As Kirby et al (1997) claim there is a social and economic unity amongst them. That means that they have similarities in background and education. They are mostly educated in public schools, and this public school system plays a very significant role in reproducing the upper class. As Stanworth Giddens (1974) cited by Kirby et al (1997, pp.126-127) found that ‘†¦of those employed in each of the following occupational categories bishops, senior ranks of the armed forces, principal judges, senior civil servants, Conservative MPs, and the directors of the largest industrial and financial corporations more than half had been to a public school (in many cases the proportion was much higher). Some 73 per cent of the directors of industrial corporations and 80 per cent of the directors of financial firms had received a public school education. This ratio is quite huge considering that public schools educate only five per cent of the male school population. For the members of the upper class this educational system has many benefits. It reproduces them and as Fulcher Scott (2003), Kirby et al (1997) and Marsh et al (2000) argue it establishes the so-called ‘old boy network. Furthermore, as Fawbert states (2007), it helps them to maintain their cultural capital (which helps them to remain wealthy); also they make very close kinship connections and interlocking networks, which ensure that their privileges will be transmitted to the next generation. Because of all these things it can be concluded that, although the upper part of society changed and got layered during the nineteenth and twentieth century, it still constitutes one well identifiable social class. The people, who belong to the upper class, manage to maintain their superiority. With the wealth and power they possess, they can ensure a privileged education to their children which leads almost straight to Oxford and Cambridge (‘Oxbridge). During this education process the youth of the upper class can develop the ‘old boy network, which helps them to get better jobs through the ‘elite self-recruitment (Fawbert, 2007). Furthermore, as Scott (1992) cited by Marsh et al (2000, p.306) argue, they are ‘†¦a group of people allied around certain social institutions. These institutions are the Conservative Party, the Church of England, the public schools and ancient universities, the legal profession and the Guards regiments†¦.Therefore despit e of the changes there is still a well identifiable upper class in Britain. Moreover it is the only social class left, which can be easily recognized and separated from the other social classes. Bibliography Bilton, T. et al (2002) Introductory Sociology 4th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Fawbert, J. (2007) ‘Week 6: The class structure today: the upper class. Identity Structure. [Online]. Available at: http://breo.beds.ac.uk (Accessed: 7 December 2007) Fulcher, J. Scott, J. (2003) Sociology 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kirby, M. et al (1997) Sociology in Perspective Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers. Macionis, J. Plummer, K. (2005) Sociology: A Global Introduction 3rd edn. Harlow: Pearson Education. Marsh, I. et al (2000) Making Sense of Society 2nd edn. London: Longman.